Immune Privilege
The absence of major histocompatibility complex (MHC)/human leukocyte antigen(HLA) class II and associated costimulatory molecules and low levels of MHC/HLA class I.
Migration
Pathological tissue releases a variety of inflammatory factors, prompting MSCs to accumulate at sites through micro vessels, thereby releasing cytokines to repairing.
Proliferation Potential
Highly proliferative potential and telomerase activity. The proliferation rate is no significantly reduced and the karyotype is stable even for 30 passages
Paracrine
Secret a wide array of bioactive factors such as growth factors, cytokines, and chemokines to activate endogenous stem cells and regulate immune cells.
Exosomes
Extracellular vesicles that contain proteins, lipids and RNAs reduce the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and increase the production of TGF-β.
Angiogenesis
Promote angiogenesis through paracrine angiogenic factors (VEGF, IL-6, etc.) and promote endothelial cell proliferation and migration.
Immunomodulatory
Through cell-to-cell contact and paracrine, MSCs modulate the proliferation, differentiation, and mechanisms of immune cells to regulate the immune system and suppress inflammation.
Mitochondrial Transfer
The capability of MSCs to transfer their own mitochondria into mtDNA depleted cells was shown with a high expression of RHOT1.
Multilineage Differentiation
MSCs showed high differentiation capacity, not only osteoblasts, adipocytes, chondrocytes, but also cardiomyocytes, smooth muscle cells, etc.